Toxidromes

Toxidrome

Toxidrome is a syndrome caused by dangerous level of toxin in the body.

1-Cholinergic drugs:

Cholinergic drugs , any of various drug that enhanced or mimic the action of neurotransmitter acetylcholine.For example :   Acetylcholine,  Bethanechol, Pilocarpine

Cholinergic toxidromes:

Confusion,  Defecation , Diaphoresis ,Diarrhea, Emesis,  Lacrimation, Miosis                            Salivation, Seizures, Urination,  Bradycardia, Hypothermia,Tachypnea

2- Anticholinergic drugs:

Anticholinergic are drugs that blocks , inhibit the action of neurotransmitter Ach in the central and peripheral nervous system  e.g  Atropine , Benztropine, Datura

Anticholinergic toxidromes:

Blur vision, Coma ,Constipation ,Dry skin , Fever, Flushing ,Hallucination, Urine retention                 Hypertension, Hyperthermia , Tachcardia

3-Opiods:

Opiods are psychoactive chemical that resembles morphine and other opiades in their pharmacological activity.

e.g  Codeine, Morphine, Thebaine

Opiod Toxidromes:

Altered mental status,  Pin point pupil ,Shock,Bradycardia , Hypotension                                    Hypoventilation

4-Sedative/Hypnotics:

chemical substances used to reduce tension and anxiety and induce calm (sedative effect) or to induce sleep (hypnotic effect).Examples include benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

Sedative/Hypnotics Toxidromes:

Ataxia , hallucinations,  Slurred speech, Stupor,  Apnea,  Blurred vision, paraesthesia                      Coma , Confusion ,Delirium

5-Sympathomimetics:

Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the effects of transmitter substances of the sympathetic nervous system such as  catecholamine, epinephrine ( drenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine  etc. Examples are ephedrine ,amphetamine etc.

Sympathomimetics Toxidromes :

Anxiety, Delusions, Hyperthermia, Mydriases, Seizures ,Hypertension,Tachycardia

6-Antidepressants:

Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions .Examples are Bupropion ,paroxetine.

Antidepressant Toxidromes:

Dry mouth, Blurred vision , Constipation, Urinary retention ,Confusion                             Hallucination, Respiratory depression, Seizures, Tachycardia

7-Salicylates:

A group of drugs that includes aspirin and related compounds. Salicylates are used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever.

Salicylate Toxidromes:

Confusion ,Lethargy ,Coma ,Cardiac failure ,Abdominal pain, Pulmonary edema

8-Beta blockers:

Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are drugs that block norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) from binding to beta receptors on nerves. Examples are atenolol ,esmolol ,nadolol etc.

Beta-1 (β1) receptors are located in the heart, eye, and kidneys.

Beta (β2) receptors are found in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles.

Beta (β3) receptors are located in fat cells.

Beta blocker Toxidromes:

Bradycardia, hypotension ,Broncospasm,Hallucination ,Nausea, Vomting

9- Hypoglycemic agents:

The drugs lower the glucose level of blood are called hypoglycemic agents or anti-hyperglycemic agent or anti diabetic agents.

e.g Sulfonylureas ,Metformin, Thiazolidinediones ,Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

Toxidromes of Hypoglycemic agents:

Lactic acidosis ,Abnormal LFTs ,Flatulence ,Nausea , Skin reactions

10-Caustic substances:

The substances having the capability or tendesy to cause corrosion are the caustic substance.

Caustic substances (strong acids and alkalis), when swallowed, can burn the tongue, mouth, esophagus, and stomach. These burns may cause perforations (holes) of the esophagus or stomach

e.g Acetic acid, HCl, NaOH

Toxidromes:

GIT perforation, Chest pain ,Blood  vomting ,Difficulty in breathing , Shortness of breath, airway burn